[{"content":"Since developing in wine is working just fine, here are some papers inserted in a self made pinhole cameras, developed in a beer. I used the cheapest beer I could get (Lövenbräu 4,2% alc). The papers were expired in 1960’s but still ok…\nThe recepie:\n250 ml beer\n2 teaspoons of soda\n1 teaspoon of vitamin C\n","date":"2015-04-22","permalink":"/2015/04/22/beerol/","summary":"Since developing in wine is working just fine, here are some papers inserted in a self made pinhole cameras, developed in a beer. I used the cheapest beer I could get (Lövenbräu 4,2% alc). The papers …","tags":null,"title":"Beerol"},{"content":"Ajvar (chutney) is a tasty and aromatic vegetable relish made of peppers, tomatoes, aubergines and spices. Ajvar is naturally rich in vitamin C/\nIlfospeed 3.1M paper developed in Ajvarol\nIlfospeed 3.1M paper developed in Ajvarol\nIt works pretty fast, and it is a mess… but it works…\nAjvarol 4 teaspoons of chutney\n3 teaspoons of water\n3 teaspoons of washing soda\n1 teaspoon of vitamin C\n","date":"2015-01-20","permalink":"/2015/01/20/chutney-developer-ajvarol/","summary":"Ajvar (chutney) is a tasty and aromatic vegetable relish made of peppers, tomatoes, aubergines and spices. Ajvar is naturally rich in vitamin C/\nIlfospeed 3.1M paper developed in Ajvarol\nIlfospeed …","tags":null,"title":"Chutney developer – Ajvarol"},{"content":"Did you know that almost anything that contains vegetables develops film if mixed with washing soda and vitamin C?\nWell, it does. Today I present you:\nThe beetrootol\n250 ml Red Beetroot juice\n2 tsp of washing soda\n1 tsp vitamin C\nworks fine with papers, haven’t tested the films, yet.\n","date":"2015-01-12","permalink":"/2015/01/12/red-beetroot-juice-developer-the-beetrootol/","summary":"Did you know that almost anything that contains vegetables develops film if mixed with washing soda and vitamin C?\n","tags":null,"title":"Red beetroot juice developer – The beetrootol"},{"content":"Hello readers, I know it was pretty quiet last year here on the blog. It’s not that I had no new ideas or stuff to write about, but just very little time. This year I will hopefully have more time, as I have some pretty new stuff in the pipeline.\nOne of Tinas tin-pinholes and the resulting picture.\nI am also very proud to have a new member on the site. Tina Bele is quite new in the caffenol (and pinhole) scene and creates awesome art with self made pinhole cameras and home-brewed caffenol based …","date":"2015-01-11","permalink":"/2015/01/11/welcome-tina-bele-piller-cuveeol-recipe/","summary":"Hello readers, I know it was pretty quiet last year here on the blog. It’s not that I had no new ideas or stuff to write about, but just very little time. This year I will hopefully have more time, as …","tags":null,"title":"Welcome Tina Bele – Piller Cuveeol recipe"},{"content":" I wish you and your families a very Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year. See you in 2015!\n","date":"2014-12-24","permalink":"/2014/12/24/merry-christmas/","summary":" I wish you and your families a very Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year. See you in 2015!\n","tags":null,"title":"Merry Christmas"},{"content":"I recently asked in the Caffenol Facebook group how I should shoot a roll of Kodak Technical Pan. Many people suggested I should shoot it at EI 25 or 50, but I also wanted to know if it is possible to get something useful out of it in EI 200. I took a stroll around a small lake near my workplace and fired away.\nWhen the roll was exposed, I wanted to do something crazy, so I asked again on Facebook in which recipe it should be developed. After 9 suggestions and some calculations by averaging …","date":"2014-02-07","permalink":"/2014/02/07/technical-pan-in-caffenol-smt-/-mini-workshop/","summary":"I recently asked in the Caffenol Facebook group how I should shoot a roll of Kodak Technical Pan. Many people suggested I should shoot it at EI 25 or 50, but I also wanted to know if it is possible to …","tags":null,"title":"Technical Pan in Caffenol-SMT / Mini Workshop"},{"content":"After a long, long (too long) break, we continue with our Series “A Coffee with…” where we present analog enthusiasts and their work. Today I am happy to talk with Becky Ramotowski, who has a real passion about pinhole cameras and ‘marinating’ prints in caffenol. Becky also wrote an awesome book about the “Secrets of Stargazing”. If you are interested in Astronomy, I can highly recommend this book! Surprisingly, Becky doesn’t drink coffee but enjoys a good glass of red wine, tea or mountain …","date":"2014-02-04","permalink":"/2014/02/04/a-coffee-withno.-7-becky-ramotowski/","summary":"After a long, long (too long) break, we continue with our Series “A Coffee with…” where we present analog enthusiasts and their work. Today I am happy to talk with Becky Ramotowski, who has a real …","tags":null,"title":"A Coffee with…No. 7 – Becky Ramotowski"},{"content":" I wish all of you and your families a Merry, Merry Christmas!\n","date":"2013-12-24","permalink":"/2013/12/24/merry-christmas/","summary":" I wish all of you and your families a Merry, Merry Christmas!\n","tags":null,"title":"Merry Christmas"},{"content":"Mark your calendars! I will teach a 2 days caffenol workshop from 31.08-01.09.2013 together with Marco Spalluto at the Leica Gallery Salzburg.\nThis 2 days workshop is suited for absolute beginners in film developing as well as for experienced users that already develop their films at home. No experience in film developing is needed for this workshop.\nThe only equipment needed is an analog 35mm camera and film. We have a small amount of loan cameras available.\nWe recommend using Kodak TMax …","date":"2013-06-28","permalink":"/2013/06/28/leicaffenol-caffenol-workshop-in-the-leica-gallery-salzburg/","summary":"Mark your calendars! I will teach a 2 days caffenol workshop from 31.08-01.09.2013 together with Marco Spalluto at the Leica Gallery Salzburg.\nThis 2 days workshop is suited for absolute beginners in …","tags":["caffenol","leica","salzburg","workshop"],"title":"LeiCaffenol – Caffenol Workshop in the Leica Gallery Salzburg"},{"content":"Today our journey takes us to Nottingham in the UK and we meet up with Gabriel Van Ingen, a photographer that has mostly given up digital. Read on, and look what he has to say.\nCaffenol: Hi Gabriel, good to have you here on the caffenol blog. Could you please introduce yourself.\nGabriel: Hi Dirk, I am a photography lecturer and professional photographer based in Nottingham in the Uk. I work and live at Clear View House where I have a professional darkroom and photographic studio.\nCaffenol: …","date":"2013-04-17","permalink":"/2013/04/17/a-coffee-withno.-6-gabriel-van-ingen/","summary":"Today our journey takes us to Nottingham in the UK and we meet up with Gabriel Van Ingen, a photographer that has mostly given up digital. Read on, and look what he has to say.\nCaffenol: Hi Gabriel, …","tags":null,"title":"A Coffee with…No. 6 – Gabriel Van Ingen"},{"content":"Today we are in Grenoble, France to share some Espressos (You get an Espresso if you order “un café”) with a professional programmer. Read on, what Urban has to say about the analog world.\nCaffenol: Hi Urban, I hope you had a lovely Christmas and lots of presents. Can you please introduce yourself.\nUrban: My name is Urban Hafner. I’m a web developer from Germany. I currently live in France with my lovely wife and our two year old daughter.\nCaffenol: Anything else you want to add about you as a …","date":"2013-01-03","permalink":"/2013/01/03/a-coffee-withno.-5-urban-hafner/","summary":"Today we are in Grenoble, France to share some Espressos (You get an Espresso if you order “un café”) with a professional programmer. Read on, what Urban has to say about the analog world.\nCaffenol: …","tags":null,"title":"A Coffee with…No. 5 – Urban Hafner"},{"content":" All the best for the next year!\nAny New Year Resolution?\nI can give you some tips:\nShoot more Film! Develop in caffenol! Share the Love! Sincerly,\nDirk\n","date":"2012-12-31","permalink":"/2012/12/31/happy-new-year-2013/","summary":" All the best for the next year!\nAny New Year Resolution?\nI can give you some tips:\nShoot more Film! Develop in caffenol! Share the Love! Sincerly,\nDirk\n","tags":null,"title":"Happy New Year 2013"},{"content":"I wish you and your families a Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year! Next year we will of course continue ‘A Coffee with’ and I have some new films to test out. Let’s see what 2013 brings.\nEnjoy the calm time of the year!\n","date":"2012-12-24","permalink":"/2012/12/24/merry-christmas/","summary":"I wish you and your families a Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year! Next year we will of course continue ‘A Coffee with’ and I have some new films to test out. Let’s see what 2013 brings.\nEnjoy the …","tags":null,"title":"Merry Christmas!"},{"content":"Today I am declaring war. I can see, that I got your attention! What am I declaring war on? DUST!\nI know that there are plenty of ways to remove dust from negatives in post, but the best way of course is to properly dry your negatives in a (nearly) dust-free room.\nTop Tip here: hang your washed film in the bathroom and before you hang the film, turn on the shower with hot water for 1-2 minutes till you have a foggy bathroom, hang your film, and close the door. If you washed your film good …","date":"2012-12-06","permalink":"/2012/12/06/fighting-dust/","summary":"Today I am declaring war. I can see, that I got your attention! What am I declaring war on? DUST!\nI know that there are plenty of ways to remove dust from negatives in post, but the best way of course …","tags":["caffenol","dust","editing","video"],"title":"Fighting Dust"},{"content":"The Caffenol Cookbook \u0026amp;amp; Bible is a project by large format photographer Bo Sibbern-Larsen who got eight other photographers together to write a book about caffenol. It’s a free book, available for download:\nDownload The Caffenol Cookbook \u0026amp;amp; Bible – Recipes and Tutorials The book is under constant development, so you will find quite some things that change from time to time – visit to visit. This is all done in our effort to serve you the finest and latest cutting edge Caffenol recipes …","date":"2012-11-27","permalink":"/2012/11/27/the-caffenol-cookbook-bible/","summary":"The Caffenol Cookbook \u0026amp; Bible is a project by large format photographer Bo Sibbern-Larsen who got eight other photographers together to write a book about caffenol. It’s a free book, available for …","tags":null,"title":"The Caffenol Cookbook \u0026 Bible"},{"content":"Today I share an Interview with a colleague of mine that works with me on the dark side of IT. (Windows) I am guilty of infecting him with the caffenol virus and to buy himself into the Pentax and Micro Four Thirds system 🙂 He is also a Hair Model.\nCaffenol: Good Morning, Chris! Grab yourself some tea and: please introduce yourself.\nChris: Hi Dirk, it’s me, your colleague Chris. I’m raised and born in Munich and always looking for the opinion to do things differently.\nCaffenol: Anything else you …","date":"2012-11-15","permalink":"/2012/11/15/a-coffee-withno.-4-christian-walch/","summary":"Today I share an Interview with a colleague of mine that works with me on the dark side of IT. (Windows) I am guilty of infecting him with the caffenol virus and to buy himself into the Pentax and …","tags":null,"title":"A Coffee with…No. 4 – Christian Walch"},{"content":"We are trying to get around the World, so this time I had a virtual coffee with Şan Güneş from Turkey. Şan is a some random computer engineering student, free software enthusiast and also happens to do some caffenol development. He also states that the Kebab that you can he here in Germany is different, but way better then the one in Turkey.\nCaffenol: Hey Şan, I made some fresh turkish coffee with plenty of sugar. While I boil it a third time, please introduce yourself.\nŞan: Hello there! My name …","date":"2012-11-03","permalink":"/2012/11/03/a-coffee-withno.-3-%C5%9Fan-g%C3%BCne%C5%9F/","summary":"We are trying to get around the World, so this time I had a virtual coffee with Şan Güneş from Turkey. Şan is a some random computer engineering student, free software enthusiast and also happens to …","tags":null,"title":"A Coffee with…No. 3 – Şan Güneş"},{"content":"Today I have special guest here, It’s Kiril Miloshev from Sophia, Bulgary. He is a very nice chap and a group administrator of the caffenol Facebook group. He uses a good mixture of a Leica Rangefinder, a Nikon DSLR and a Nikon J1 Mirrorless camera. And I guess his office has the lovely smell of that caffenol developer floating around.\nCan we start? Sure we can!\nCaffenol: Hi Kiril, nice to have you here on the site. Please introduce yourself.\nKiril: Hi, my name Is Kiril Miloshev and photography …","date":"2012-10-25","permalink":"/2012/10/25/a-coffee-withno.-2-kiril-miloshev/","summary":"Today I have special guest here, It’s Kiril Miloshev from Sophia, Bulgary. He is a very nice chap and a group administrator of the caffenol Facebook group. He uses a good mixture of a Leica …","tags":null,"title":"A Coffee with…No. 2 – Kiril Miloshev"},{"content":"A Coffee with Dagie Brundert I am very, very excited to have my first coffee with Dagie Brundert, one of the few persons that attended an invisible baseball game. Dagies mission is to find beauty in simple things. oh and she does motion picture film!\nCaffenol: Hi there, please introduce yourself.\nDagie: Hello, my name is Dagie Brundert, I’m a super 8 short film maker, I’ve been making films for more than 20 years and I’m very much in love with hand processing! I live in Berlin, Germany. …","date":"2012-09-20","permalink":"/2012/09/20/a-coffee-withno.-1-dagie-brundert/","summary":"A Coffee with Dagie Brundert I am very, very excited to have my first coffee with Dagie Brundert, one of the few persons that attended an invisible baseball game. Dagies mission is to find beauty in …","tags":null,"title":"A Coffee with…No. 1 – Dagie Brundert"},{"content":"Hi Caffenol-Lovers,\nThere is a new series coming up on caffenol.org, called “A Coffee with…” Where you play the main part.\nIt is an interview type of series, where I will be asking some questions about you, your gear and other stuff.\nI have announced it already on the caffenol facebook group and got quite some feedback already. I think it is a great way to get to know other photographers and read about other’s techniques and ideas. I will also use it to produce a database where to buy …","date":"2012-09-17","permalink":"/2012/09/17/a-coffee-with-dirk-essl/","summary":"Hi Caffenol-Lovers,\nThere is a new series coming up on caffenol.org, called “A Coffee with…” Where you play the main part.\nIt is an interview type of series, where I will be asking some questions …","tags":null,"title":"A Coffee with… Dirk Essl"},{"content":"Developing 35mm film in caffenol works. No doubt. There are very little films that do not develop in caffenol. If you stay away from these and mostly scan your pictures, you will be fine. With any caffenol-recipe that you can find on the internet you will in the end see a picture on the negative. It might be foggy, dense, underdeveloped, but seeing something that works and something that you made yourself is always amazing. Film is not dead!\nAlso not dead is the scene of 8mm motion picture film …","date":"2012-07-23","permalink":"/2012/07/23/coffee-in-motion/","summary":"Developing 35mm film in caffenol works. No doubt. There are very little films that do not develop in caffenol. If you stay away from these and mostly scan your pictures, you will be fine. With any …","tags":null,"title":"Coffee in motion"},{"content":" Someone in the caffenol Facebook group asked if there is a faster development process then caffenol, and I referred him to Diafine, a quite fast 2 step developer. (3+3 minutes for most films.) At the same time I thought that this should allbe possible with normal caffenol, as it is possible with all film developers: You increase temperature, you reduce time. Normally, higher temperature adds contrast, but if you develop for too short (temperature too high), you may get uneven development.\nI …","date":"2012-07-03","permalink":"/2012/07/03/hot-coffee/","summary":" Someone in the caffenol Facebook group asked if there is a faster development process then caffenol, and I referred him to Diafine, a quite fast 2 step developer. (3+3 minutes for most films.) At the …","tags":["caffenol-c-m","hot-coffee"],"title":"Hot Coffee"},{"content":"Niklas Rühl posted a picture in our Facebook Group of a negative developed in Wineol, an alternate devolper that is made out of Red Wine, Washing Soda and Vitamin C. The whole process and some really nice pictures can be seen on his website. The site is in German,so here is a google translation. I knew already that it is possible to mix up other developers which are based on Washing Soda and Vitamin C, but never really had the interest to try it. But as I did some enlargements recently, why …","date":"2012-06-20","permalink":"/2012/06/20/wineol-red-wine-developer/","summary":"Niklas Rühl posted a picture in our Facebook Group of a negative developed in Wineol, an alternate devolper that is made out of Red Wine, Washing Soda and Vitamin C. The whole process and some really …","tags":null,"title":"Wineol – Red Wine developer"},{"content":"2 weeks ago I did a bit of spring cleaning in my Lightroom® catalog and thought about how I could properly tag all my scans. I don’t mean keywords, but proper EXIF tags to see Camera Model, Lens and all that stuff in my EXIF Panel in Lightroom® so I can search them through the Metadata Library Filter.\nSo I found ExifTool, a command-line utility which allows to read, write and create EXIF tags in all sorts of files. A few shell scripts later I was still not satisfied, because of course my files …","date":"2012-05-24","permalink":"/2012/05/24/organizing-your-caffenol-scans-in-lightroom/","summary":"2 weeks ago I did a bit of spring cleaning in my Lightroom® catalog and thought about how I could properly tag all my scans. I don’t mean keywords, but proper EXIF tags to see Camera Model, Lens and …","tags":null,"title":"Organizing your caffenol scans in Lightroom®"},{"content":"This is an article of fine art figure photographer Scott Nichol from Allentown, PA, USA. You can visit his blog at http://www.silverystars.com/somanystars/. The Original article can be found here.\nI wanted to experiment with the recipe for a coffee-based film developer commonly called Caffenol. Dirk Essl at caffenol.org does an excellent job of keeping track of development times for lots of different films that can be developed with Caffenol. However, most of the films that have been developed …","date":"2012-03-11","permalink":"/2012/03/11/fomapan-400-in-caffenol-std-experiments-and-results.-and-large-format/","summary":"This is an article of fine art figure photographer Scott Nichol from Allentown, PA, USA. You can visit his blog at http://www.silverystars.com/somanystars/. The Original article can be found here.\nI …","tags":["caffenol","delta-std","fomapan-400","large-format"],"title":"Fomapan 400 in Caffenol-STD –  Experiments and Results. And Large Format"},{"content":"just a quick post to tell everyone of our readers that we are still alive and keep experimenting with caffenol in all variants. I recently got an email about developing glas negatives in caffenol, so interesting times are coming. For the moment I will leave you with a picture one of our readers sent me. Maybe you want to guess what it is and how the picture was made.\nAs usual, if you have comments regarding this post, successful or even unsuccessful results of your caffenol experiments, or just …","date":"2012-03-09","permalink":"/2012/03/09/we-are-still-here/","summary":"just a quick post to tell everyone of our readers that we are still alive and keep experimenting with caffenol in all variants. I recently got an email about developing glas negatives in caffenol, so …","tags":null,"title":"We are still here!"},{"content":"I would like to wish everyone of you a Merry, Merry Christmas. Thanks for all the comments, lovely pictures and ideas that you sent me in the last year. I hope I will have some more time next year to fill this blog with new recipes and experiments around caffenol.\nSee you next year,\nDirk\n","date":"2011-12-24","permalink":"/2011/12/24/merry-christmas/","summary":"I would like to wish everyone of you a Merry, Merry Christmas. Thanks for all the comments, lovely pictures and ideas that you sent me in the last year. I hope I will have some more time next year to …","tags":["caffenol"],"title":"Merry Christmas!"},{"content":"While sorting out my Camera Cabinet I found a Roll of exposed Kodak Portra 100T (Tungsten). This film is not available new anymore, used prices of expired film go from 6 to 20 EUROs.\nI had no clue when, what and with which camera I shot it. That’s one of the things I like with analog film: You never really know what you get until you develop the roll. I developed it in Delta-STD for 14 minutes and it came out quite nicely, but most of the pictures where badly composed, under or overexposed, so I …","date":"2011-06-21","permalink":"/2011/06/21/kodak-portra-100t/","summary":"While sorting out my Camera Cabinet I found a Roll of exposed Kodak Portra 100T (Tungsten). This film is not available new anymore, used prices of expired film go from 6 to 20 EUROs.\nI had no clue …","tags":["caffenol","color","kodak","kodak-portra-100t"],"title":"Kodak Portra 100T"},{"content":"It’s been a long time since there was an article here on caffenol.org and I know that some of you are really looking forward to see more pictures of prints developed in Caffenol. I have received very nice results from József, a Hungarian mechanical engineer, coffee addict and lover of analogue b\u0026amp;amp;w photography and good wines.\nJózsef writes:\nCaffenol came to my life as a crazy idea. Some months ago I found a short description of Caffenol in a Hungarian photography forum. It was enough to wake …","date":"2011-05-24","permalink":"/2011/05/24/caffenol-for-paper-prints/","summary":"It’s been a long time since there was an article here on caffenol.org and I know that some of you are really looking forward to see more pictures of prints developed in Caffenol. I have received very …","tags":null,"title":"Caffenol for paper prints"},{"content":"Today I will post some pictures, that show how much fun experimenting with Caffenol can be.\nIgor says:\n“These pictures were taken about 3 years ago and were developed without any professional equipment in a pan. we were sitting in a dark bathroom stiring the film in caffenol with a spoon:) that is why those pictures are not so technically perfect. But it was all about fun. Also I should add that sea water was used as a fixer here.”\nYes, indeed those are far from being technically perfect, and I …","date":"2011-04-06","permalink":"/2011/04/06/pictures-from-the-sea-literally-as-far-as-fixer-concerns/","summary":"Today I will post some pictures, that show how much fun experimenting with Caffenol can be.\nIgor says:\n“These pictures were taken about 3 years ago and were developed without any professional …","tags":["caffenol","seawater"],"title":"Pictures from the sea (literally, as far as fixer concerns)"},{"content":"Recently I wrote an article about an extremely cheap film, the wonderful Lucky SHD 100. Today I will post some images from a film that is on the more expensive side: Rollei Retro 100 Tonal. With EURO 5.36 It’s still cheaper then Ilford HP5, but more expensive then Ilford Delta 100 which is EURO 4.99 and shares the same boxspeed.\nThe Rollei Retro 100 TONAL is a medium speed black-and-white orthopanchromatic film with highest standard in grain quality and sharpness and highest dmax and a beautiful …","date":"2011-03-21","permalink":"/2011/03/21/rollei-retro-100-tonal/","summary":"Recently I wrote an article about an extremely cheap film, the wonderful Lucky SHD 100. Today I will post some images from a film that is on the more expensive side: Rollei Retro 100 Tonal. With EURO …","tags":["15-minutes","caffenol","delta-std","orthopanchromatic","pentax-mz-5","rollei-retro-100-tonal"],"title":"Rollei Retro 100 Tonal"},{"content":"Back in October 2009 I read some crazy stuff about developing expired color film in Coffee and Washing Soda, and was blown away about the results you could get with cheap instant coffee and cheap washing soda. So I thought I’ll give it a try. During Summer I was hunting for old cameras on several flea markets and already had done some shootings with them, but giving the films to the lab and letting them scan them. After I read about this ‘caffenol’ thing, I bought a daylight Developing Tank from …","date":"2011-03-13","permalink":"/2011/03/13/1-year-caffenol.org-a-flashback/","summary":"Back in October 2009 I read some crazy stuff about developing expired color film in Coffee and Washing Soda, and was blown away about the results you could get with cheap instant coffee and cheap …","tags":null,"title":"1 year caffenol.org – a flashback"},{"content":"Correction! I mixed up negatives while scanning, And just found out that This Film is NOT Rollei Retro 400S, but Rollei RPX 400 instead. Apologies from my side, for the moment, I do not recommend using Rollei Retro 400S for caffenol, because my results are somewhat inconsistent with this film. One came out totally black, and one came out totally underdeveloped. I have just loaded another 400S into my trusty Olympus XA and will try again.\nAnother Testbatch from MACO to test development times in …","date":"2011-03-06","permalink":"/2011/03/06/rollei-rpx-400-wasretro-400s/","summary":"Correction! I mixed up negatives while scanning, And just found out that This Film is NOT Rollei Retro 400S, but Rollei RPX 400 instead. Apologies from my side, for the moment, I do not recommend …","tags":null,"title":"Rollei RPX 400 (was:Retro 400S)"},{"content":"I got a testbatch from MACO of Lucky SHD 100, a very popular Film used by Photography students in the UK. No wonder, this film is almost cheaper then bread. If it could be eaten, I would. If you buy a set of 10 Films, you pay about EURO 1,62 per film.\n“Lucky New SHD 100, with high clarity, wide exposure latitude, and good physical characteristics, can meet various requirements such as high-temperature and high-humidity. It features processed functions of resisting adhesion and scratch, and …","date":"2011-02-17","permalink":"/2011/02/17/lucky-shd-100-film-can-not-be-cheaper/","summary":"I got a testbatch from MACO of Lucky SHD 100, a very popular Film used by Photography students in the UK. No wonder, this film is almost cheaper then bread. If it could be eaten, I would. If you buy a …","tags":["caffenol","delta-std","lucky-shd-100","maco","olympus-xa"],"title":"Lucky SHD 100 – film can not be cheaper"},{"content":"If you are looking for a (very) high resolution and (very) contrasty Black and white film, you have probably looked at Agfa Copex Rapid film already, but have not ordered it because it’s high price (about EURO 6,– per Roll). I got some testrolls recently from Maco Direct to try how it behaves in caffenol. This film is not so easy to handle and there is not so much information about it, as it is specified as microfilm and can be used in x-ray cameras. Resolution is about 600 lines/mm (Fuji Velvia …","date":"2011-01-17","permalink":"/2011/01/17/agfa-copex-rapid-in-delta-micro/","summary":"If you are looking for a (very) high resolution and (very) contrasty Black and white film, you have probably looked at Agfa Copex Rapid film already, but have not ordered it because it’s high price …","tags":null,"title":"Agfa Copex Rapid in Delta-MICRO"},{"content":"We have received several comments, that teaspoon measuring is not the preferred way in mixing up your caffenol brew, as it is very inaccurate and ‘1 teaspoon’ can mean from 1 to 5 grams, depending how big your teaspoon is.\nReinhold from caffenol.blogspot.com has developed some very good base recipes, using only litres and grams, and especially his chart at http://caffenol.blogspot.com/2010/08/recipes.html can be extremely useful, I just find it irritating that coffee is not on top of the list of …","date":"2011-01-09","permalink":"/2011/01/09/the-delta-recipe-goes-standard./","summary":"We have received several comments, that teaspoon measuring is not the preferred way in mixing up your caffenol brew, as it is very inaccurate and ‘1 teaspoon’ can mean from 1 to 5 grams, depending how …","tags":["caffenol","delta-std","olympus-xa","rollei-rpx-400"],"title":"The Delta Recipe Goes Standard."},{"content":"Caffenol Reader and Lomography member Hana (http://www.lomography.com/homes/hilarion) sent us her results of a matchbox pinhole camera. Instructions how to build one can be found at http://www.matchboxpinhole.com.\nHanas Matchboxpinhole camera\nHana is from Slovakia and uses vitamin c from DM drogeri, an unknown coffee brand and “kalcinovaná sóda na pranie”, a local soda product.\nBelow is a selection of her pinhole photos, all wonderful examples how beautiful pinhole photography can be:\nHana has …","date":"2011-01-07","permalink":"/2011/01/07/matchbox-pinhole-caffenol/","summary":"Caffenol Reader and Lomography member Hana (http://www.lomography.com/homes/hilarion) sent us her results of a matchbox pinhole camera. Instructions how to build one can be found at …","tags":["caffenol","ilford-100","matchboxpinhole","pinhole"],"title":"Matchbox Pinhole \u0026 Caffenol"},{"content":"It’s been a busy year for caffenol, and 2011 will not calm down, that’s for sure.\nI would like to take this opportunity to thank all of you for your support, your comments and critics about this blog. I wish you and your families a very happy year 2011.\nI didn’t take any fireworks pictures this year, but hope a fire engine is close enough 🙂 Film used here is Rollei RPX 400, developed for 11min. in Caffenol Delta-STD. What Delta-STD exactly is, will follow…\nWe have plenty of new stuff for you …","date":"2011-01-01","permalink":"/2011/01/01/happy-new-year/","summary":"It’s been a busy year for caffenol, and 2011 will not calm down, that’s for sure.\nI would like to take this opportunity to thank all of you for your support, your comments and critics about this blog. …","tags":["11min","caffenol","delta-std","olympus-xa","rollei-rpx-400"],"title":"Happy New Year!"},{"content":"Caffenol-C in all variants makes a wonderful developer for negative film and if used carefully, it can be used for nearly any film speed and a lot of different films. So far I have found one (1) film, that fails in Caffenol: Rollei Retro 400. But this might have been just my fault, so I have just bought a few rolls of this film to make further experiments.\nThere are not so many examples about using caffenol as a per developer, so I had to try it. Mainly because I had no print developer to hand …","date":"2010-12-15","permalink":"/2010/12/15/caffenol-as-paper-developer/","summary":"Caffenol-C in all variants makes a wonderful developer for negative film and if used carefully, it can be used for nearly any film speed and a lot of different films. So far I have found one (1) film, …","tags":["caffenol","darkroom","enlarged","paper","print"],"title":"Caffenol as paper developer"},{"content":"If you are new to film developing, or just new to caffenol developing you can find plenty of ressources on the internet and read your way through. But sometimes it’s nice to lean back and watch something beautiful, and while watching it, learn from it. When I started with caffenol, I watched a whole lot of videos about developing, discovering different techniques. There are a lot of videos, this I can tell. And I can tell you, that this one is the most beautiful video about developing film in …","date":"2010-12-14","permalink":"/2010/12/14/caffenomatography/","summary":"If you are new to film developing, or just new to caffenol developing you can find plenty of ressources on the internet and read your way through. But sometimes it’s nice to lean back and watch …","tags":["caffenol","colorfilm-in-bw","video"],"title":"caffenomatography"},{"content":" www.filmetc.org\nToday, I proudly present a blog of a friend of mine who calls himself “a Linux sysadmin at day and photographer at night (and vice-versa).”\nThe address is www.filmetc.org\nHe is indeed a very talented photographer and if Mathias does something, he does it right. His blog is all about processing film inside and outside the darkroom and he has just started it, so you can start reading without much backlog. He will keep you updated soon, so the cold winter days will not get too …","date":"2010-12-08","permalink":"/2010/12/08/film-etc./","summary":" www.filmetc.org\nToday, I proudly present a blog of a friend of mine who calls himself “a Linux sysadmin at day and photographer at night (and vice-versa).”\nThe address is www.filmetc.org\nHe is indeed …","tags":null,"title":"Film, etc."},{"content":" I cleaned up my camera cabinet yesterday and stumbled upon my Action sampler camera where I remembered I shot some film with already. My Action sampler is a no name model, but is better than the one from Lomography in so many ways: It has a proper viewfinder, it is not as ugly and it was only 2 EUROS, new. Not in a nice box as from Lomography, but hey it’s not the boxing that takes pictures.\nIt’s a whole lot different to take pictures with this camera, as static things just don’t work. Either …","date":"2010-11-28","permalink":"/2010/11/28/action/","summary":" I cleaned up my camera cabinet yesterday and stumbled upon my Action sampler camera where I remembered I shot some film with already. My Action sampler is a no name model, but is better than the one …","tags":["caffenol","colorfilm-in-bw","delta","kodak-porta-160-nc"],"title":"Action!"},{"content":"I went to a Photo fair the other weekend and bought another, small camera that I always had an eye on: The Olympus XA. It is in excellent condition, came with the A11 Flash and a small bag. It had already batteries installed and as I always carry a Film canister with some film with me, it was obvious to put it in: 36 Exposures of 2007 expired Kodak Porta 160 NC. A wonderful color film, that comes out great in caffenol. The XA has only full ISO stops, so I dialed in ISO 200 and began shooting. I …","date":"2010-11-19","permalink":"/2010/11/19/more-kodak-porta-160-nc/","summary":"I went to a Photo fair the other weekend and bought another, small camera that I always had an eye on: The Olympus XA. It is in excellent condition, came with the A11 Flash and a small bag. It had …","tags":["color"],"title":"more Kodak Porta 160 NC"},{"content":"Yes, the title of this post looks confusing, because of course scanning is an input process and printing is an output process. Ad it’s even more confusing, as the print needs to be scanned as well… But first things first.\nMy last development of ISO 3200 Film was quite successful and I was quite surprised by the results. The negatives didn’t look as good as HP5 or TMAX but I thought those could be actually ‘thick’ enough to be enlarged onto paper.\nI used this Film (Ilford Delta Professional 3200) …","date":"2010-11-07","permalink":"/2010/11/07/scan-vs-print/","summary":"Yes, the title of this post looks confusing, because of course scanning is an input process and printing is an output process. Ad it’s even more confusing, as the print needs to be scanned as well… …","tags":["caffenol","darkroom","delta","ilford-delta-3200-professional","olympus-om4ti"],"title":"Scan VS print"},{"content":"If you read a bit about caffenol development or development in general, you will quickly learn phrases like “my negatives came out very dense” or “negatives where thin, but scanned fine”. So what does all that mean?\nIf you develop color films in caffenol, most likely you will get dense negatives (dense meaning you cannot see through the film in this case), positive films and High ISO films will be denser then low ISO films. These negatives are not very good to produce prints on paper, as …","date":"2010-10-27","permalink":"/2010/10/27/density/","summary":"If you read a bit about caffenol development or development in general, you will quickly learn phrases like “my negatives came out very dense” or “negatives where thin, but scanned fine”. So what does …","tags":["caffenol","color","darkroom","density","ilford-delta-3200-professional","ilford-delta-400-professional","ilford-hp5-plus","kodak-porta-160-nc"],"title":"Density"},{"content":" A friend of mine recently told me about Diafine, a quite famous dual solution developer that is said to push mid tones by 1 stop. Diafine is a compensating developer, meaning you put in Solution A, let the film rest for 4 minutes with maybe 1 slow agitation per minute, pour out Solution A (both solutions can be reused) and then put in Solution B and let it develop further 4 minutes with agitation that is specific to the used film.\nI was amazed about the tonality that the developer brings, and …","date":"2010-10-19","permalink":"/2010/10/19/caffeafine-using-caffenol-c-as-2-step-developer/","summary":" A friend of mine recently told me about Diafine, a quite famous dual solution developer that is said to push mid tones by 1 stop. Diafine is a compensating developer, meaning you put in Solution A, …","tags":["caffeafine","caffenol","experiment","hp5","ilford-hp5-plus","pentax-mz-5"],"title":"Caffeafine (Using Caffenol-C as 2 step developer)"},{"content":"Some may be surprised that it took me so long to try out Kodak TMAX 400 in caffenol, but that’s how I am, always wanting to try out something new, something different.\nA friend of mine gave me a roll of TMAX 400 because he said he really likes it. It’s a Tabular-grain-film like the Delta films from Ilford where the silver halide crystals are more flat and tabular.\nKodak says it is the sharpest, fined grained ISO 400 film and it pushes up to EI 1600. So why not taking it to the Construction of …","date":"2010-10-12","permalink":"/2010/10/12/kodak-t-max-from-t-grain-to-coffee-granules/","summary":"Some may be surprised that it took me so long to try out Kodak TMAX 400 in caffenol, but that’s how I am, always wanting to try out something new, something different.\nA friend of mine gave me a roll …","tags":["caffenol","kodak","kodak-tmax-400","pentax-mz-5"],"title":"Kodak T-MAX – from T-Grain to Coffee granules"},{"content":"Recently someone gave me two rolls of ORWO PAN 100, a panchromatic Black and White film, made here in Germany. ORWO still sells it as medium speed surveillance film, but I don’t know if the emulsion nowadays is the same as the one from the film that I’ve got. This panchromatic film has the characteristic to be sensitive to all wavelengths of visible light, producing a very realistic image.\nBoth Rolls are expired long ago (1996) and so I was not really expecting good results as I didn’t know how …","date":"2010-09-20","permalink":"/2010/09/20/orwo-pan-100/","summary":"Recently someone gave me two rolls of ORWO PAN 100, a panchromatic Black and White film, made here in Germany. ORWO still sells it as medium speed surveillance film, but I don’t know if the emulsion …","tags":["orwo-pan-100","revue-35cc"],"title":"ORWO PAN 100"},{"content":"When I started analogue photography, I wanted to shoot on grainy high speed films primarily, preferable at night. So far I have not managed to do a grainy night shooting, but did buy a lot of different films just to see, how they look in caffenol. So this week I tried Ilford Pan F 50, a panchromatic ISO 50 film. And as I currently have an Olympus OM4-Ti, it was just perfect to try out the spot metering features of it.\nI’m impressed by both. The Spot meter in the OM4 gives perfect control over …","date":"2010-09-03","permalink":"/2010/09/03/iso-50/","summary":"When I started analogue photography, I wanted to shoot on grainy high speed films primarily, preferable at night. So far I have not managed to do a grainy night shooting, but did buy a lot of …","tags":["ilford-panf-50","iso-50","olympus-om4ti"],"title":"ISO 50"},{"content":"Small, black, fast. This is how you can describe the Revue 35CC. The camera was also sold as Chinon Bellami and has a very unique opening mechanism using the advance lever. Some people call it a ‘barn door’ camera, as the lever opens two doors and extends the Lens.\nFeatures are minimalistic: 35mm f2.8 Lens, Program AE, Scale Focus.\nA dedicated (automatic) Flash can be added to the camera, which makes the camera perfect as pocketable party cam.\nExample pictures are shot on Ilford Delta 400 …","date":"2010-08-16","permalink":"/2010/08/16/the-espresso-camera/","summary":"Small, black, fast. This is how you can describe the Revue 35CC. The camera was also sold as Chinon Bellami and has a very unique opening mechanism using the advance lever. Some people call it a ‘barn …","tags":["caffenol","espresso","ilford-delta-400-professional","revue-35cc","the-espresso-camera"],"title":"The Espresso Camera"},{"content":"I just love going on a flea market and buying any camera that the owner is willing to give away for under 5 EURO. Just like this wonderful Smena Symbol. A plastic camera from Russia, made in the LOMO factory. It features a 40mm f4 lens and weather symbols as additional shutter speed scale. The lens has a stepless aperture, which doubles as ISO setting. You can read more about this camera on Camerapdia.\nOf course, I immediately put some Film in the camera when I got it and began to shoot. …","date":"2010-07-26","permalink":"/2010/07/26/smena-symbol-the-other-lomo/","summary":"I just love going on a flea market and buying any camera that the owner is willing to give away for under 5 EURO. Just like this wonderful Smena Symbol. A plastic camera from Russia, made in the LOMO …","tags":["caffenol","delta","hp5","lomo"],"title":"Smena Symbol – The other LOMO"},{"content":"Josh Harmon was kind enough to share his caffenol recipe and sent me two nice pictures, developed in caffenol. They show how flexible caffenol is, and that there is enough room for experiments.\nThe films he tried are Arista EDU 100 (fomapan 100) and an old TMAX 100:\nLocked Gate, Arista EDU 100\nPinole Car Show, TMAX 100\nHe was out of photo-flo and tried using an ethyl alcohol and water mix, which did not work. The Arista EDU shots are good though.\nHere is his recipe together with his …","date":"2010-07-06","permalink":"/2010/07/06/harmony-recipe/","summary":"Josh Harmon was kind enough to share his caffenol recipe and sent me two nice pictures, developed in caffenol. They show how flexible caffenol is, and that there is enough room for experiments.\nThe …","tags":["arista-edu-100","caffenol","tmax-100"],"title":"Harmony Recipe"},{"content":"I had a Leica M6 for loan for quite some time, but gave it back recently. What can I say about this camera? It’s beautiful, gorgeous and so unobtrusive at the same time. Paired wit the 35mm f2 this is an ideal street shooter. Here are the last shots I took with the M6. All on Kodak Porta 160 NC, developed in Caffenol-C. This film looks stunning in Caffenol. If you are in the need for a low speed film with some very nice film grain, you really should consider this type, even if it is a color …","date":"2010-06-29","permalink":"/2010/06/29/goodbye-leica/","summary":"I had a Leica M6 for loan for quite some time, but gave it back recently. What can I say about this camera? It’s beautiful, gorgeous and so unobtrusive at the same time. Paired wit the 35mm f2 this is …","tags":["caffenol","kodak-porta-160-nc","leica-m6"],"title":"Goodbye Leica"},{"content":"So we finally found a day, where there are clear skies and packed our car with some Equipment. As Wolfgang bought a new 200mm Newton Telescope, we didn’t take too much Photography Equipment as we would be really busy enjoying the view of Saturn through a 8mm Ocular. But I left the shutter open for 4 hours on my Zorki 4. I think I can be proud of a shot of startrails, that is not boring 🙂 Ilford HP5 Plus Developed in Caffenol-C+ (3x Vitamin-C to decrease grain).\nZorki 4, Ilford HP5 Plus, 4hours …","date":"2010-06-12","permalink":"/2010/06/12/stars-galore/","summary":"So we finally found a day, where there are clear skies and packed our car with some Equipment. As Wolfgang bought a new 200mm Newton Telescope, we didn’t take too much Photography Equipment as we …","tags":["caffenol"],"title":"Stars galore!"},{"content":"On a recent flea-market I bought a Revue 35CC with some Film inside for very, very little money. The camera had a stuck shutter, so I took the half exposed film out and cleaned the camera. Fresh batteries and voila, the little Revue is alive again. I developed the film in caffenol (what else), a Kodak Gold 200. The last two frames where really interesting, as they show the inside of a camera shop, supposing the owner bought a new camera on this date. He forgot to take out the film, though. If …","date":"2010-06-01","permalink":"/2010/06/01/found-film/","summary":"On a recent flea-market I bought a Revue 35CC with some Film inside for very, very little money. The camera had a stuck shutter, so I took the half exposed film out and cleaned the camera. Fresh …","tags":["caffenol","colorfilm-in-bw","kodak-gold-200","revue-35cc"],"title":"Found film"},{"content":"Because of the really bad weather, we had no chance to do our [caffenol astroshooting](/2010/05/05/caffenol-goes-astrophotography/. So instead of going shooting, we mixed up some developer and spent the last days with developing and scanning film. So hold on, we will post some more stuff soon.\n","date":"2010-05-20","permalink":"/2010/05/20/stir-until-smooth/","summary":"Because of the really bad weather, we had no chance to do our [caffenol astroshooting](/2010/05/05/caffenol-goes-astrophotography/. So instead of going shooting, we mixed up some developer and spent …","tags":["news"],"title":"Stir until smooth!"},{"content":"There is not so much happening here at the moment, because I have bought too many cameras in the last weeks and need to finish all the films.\nBut I am quite excited about one event that will take place next week. We will head towards Sudelfeld and shoot at about 1700 meters height. And will shoot the stars. Mostly digital Cameras will be used, but I will take some analog equipment with me to shoot star trails throough the whole night. And to add some crazyness, I will of course then develop the …","date":"2010-05-05","permalink":"/2010/05/05/caffenol-goes-astrophotography/","summary":"There is not so much happening here at the moment, because I have bought too many cameras in the last weeks and need to finish all the films.\nBut I am quite excited about one event that will take …","tags":null,"title":"Caffenol goes Astrophotography"},{"content":"I have a fair amount of Kodak Professional Portra 160 NC (Neutral Color) but never tried it out. Having still the Hartblei Tilt-Shift on my Canon 3000N, I thought I should give it go. And low ISO film always comes out great in Caffenol.\nHere are the results:\nThose strange colorshifts are the results of scanning in color and letting Photoshop ‘guess’ what the color of the film might be. The blue touch comes from the orange mask used on color negatives.\nRecipe used: …","date":"2010-03-30","permalink":"/2010/03/30/neutral-color-in-bw/","summary":"I have a fair amount of Kodak Professional Portra 160 NC (Neutral Color) but never tried it out. Having still the Hartblei Tilt-Shift on my Canon 3000N, I thought I should give it go. And low ISO film …","tags":["caffenol","canon-3000n","color","colorfilm-in-bw","hartblei","kodak","kodak-porta-160-nc"],"title":"Neutral Color in B\u0026W"},{"content":"As said in the [last post](/2010/03/24/got-film/ \u0026amp;ldquo;Got Film?\u0026amp;rdquo;, it was time for a new film, the HP5 Plus from Ilford. Carefully exposed with my trusty Canon 3000N, crazily shot with a 65mm Super Rotator from Hartblei. Developed using the [Delta Recipe](/2010/03/12/the-delta-recipe-delta-std/ \u0026amp;ldquo;The Delta Recipe\u0026amp;rdquo; .\nLet the pictures speak for themselves:\nAs you can see, the film behaves beautiful in caffenol, the tonal range is quite impressive, the negatives scan easily. …","date":"2010-03-28","permalink":"/2010/03/28/the-h-the-p-the-5-the-plus/","summary":"As said in the [last post](/2010/03/24/got-film/ \u0026ldquo;Got Film?\u0026rdquo;, it was time for a new film, the HP5 Plus from Ilford. Carefully exposed with my trusty Canon 3000N, crazily shot with a 65mm …","tags":null,"title":"The H, the P, the 5, the Plus"},{"content":"As I am pretty confident with Ilford Delta Professional 400 now, let’s switch to another Film, which is quite popular in the B\u0026amp;amp;W scene as well: Ilford HP5 Plus 400\nIlford HP5 Plus\nAs I want to ensure to have correct exposure on my first Roll, I decided to use my Canon EOS 3000N.\nBut to add some fun value to it, I mount the Hartblei Super-Rotator 65/f3.5 onto the Camera:\nHP5 Plus, Canon 3000N, Hartblei Super Rotator\nThe camera meters when in AV mode, which is enough for me, as using the Super …","date":"2010-03-24","permalink":"/2010/03/24/got-film/","summary":"As I am pretty confident with Ilford Delta Professional 400 now, let’s switch to another Film, which is quite popular in the B\u0026amp;W scene as well: Ilford HP5 Plus 400\nIlford HP5 Plus\nAs I want to …","tags":["hartblei","hp5"],"title":"Got Film?"},{"content":"Well, you can develop every kind of film in Caffenol (a B\u0026amp;amp;W process, that is) as long as it contains silver. So why not push that to the extreme and use an expired ISO 1600 Film and develop it in Caffenol.\nSalt \u0026amp;amp; Pepper\nVoigtlaender Vitoret DR f2.8 1/30s.\nFujicolor 1600, expired 2004\nDevelopped in caffenol (No-C) for 30 minutes.\nThe negative comes out very dense, but as I primarily scan the negatives, this is not a problem.\nScanned using a Slide Duplicator on a Pentax K10D.\n","date":"2010-03-12","permalink":"/2010/03/12/hold-on.-color-film/","summary":"Well, you can develop every kind of film in Caffenol (a B\u0026amp;W process, that is) as long as it contains silver. So why not push that to the extreme and use an expired ISO 1600 Film and develop it in …","tags":["40-minutes","expired-2004","fujicolor-1600","voigtlaender-vitoret-dr"],"title":"Hold on. Color film?"},{"content":"Here is the result of developing an instant film in Caffenol.\nThe Film is a Polaroid PolaPan 35mm:\nPolaroid PolaPan 35mm\nI first tried if the Filmleader would clear in fixer and threw it in Ilford Radpid Fixer 1:4.\nThe emulsion (which is quite thick) separates from the Film base, and that’s it.\nThen I’ve mixed up developer and developed for 13 minutes at 20 degrees. Stop bath (water) and 5 minutes fix. I did not wash extensively, as I was afraid of washing off the emulsion which might show an …","date":"2010-03-12","permalink":"/2010/03/12/instant/","summary":"Here is the result of developing an instant film in Caffenol.\nThe Film is a Polaroid PolaPan 35mm:\nPolaroid PolaPan 35mm\nI first tried if the Filmleader would clear in fixer and threw it in Ilford …","tags":["caffenol","colorfilm-in-bw","polachrome","polapan","polaroid","scan"],"title":"Instant?"},{"content":"My Favourite B\u0026amp;amp;W Film is Ilford Professional Delta 400 for the moment. I really like the grain shape of this film: soft and round.\nWhenever I plan to do Caffenol Development, I overexpose the Film by 1/2 or stop, but that’s just me. As usual on negative film: Expose for the shadows. I will not go too deep into Zone Metering, but maybe it is worth mentioning it from time to time.\nThe things you need, supposing you have developed film before, are:\nInstant coffee with caffein washing soda …","date":"2010-03-12","permalink":"/2010/03/12/the-delta-recipe-delta-std/","summary":"My Favourite B\u0026amp;W Film is Ilford Professional Delta 400 for the moment. I really like the grain shape of this film: soft and round.\nWhenever I plan to do Caffenol Development, I overexpose the Film …","tags":["caffenol","delta-400","ilford-delta-400-professional","leica-m6"],"title":"The Delta Recipe (Delta-STD)"},{"content":"On this site you will get loads of Informations about Film Development in Caffenol:\nRecipies for all kind of different FIlms with Examples Cameratips Tips on how to get the best result out of your Coffe How to scan your developped Film How to develop prints in Caffenol Downloads of Lightroom presets To give you an Example, the following picture was shot with a Leica M6, 35mm f2 Summicron on Ilford Delta 400 Film.\nLeica M6, 35mm f2, Ilford Delta 400\nFor the moment that’s it. If you want more …","date":"2010-03-11","permalink":"/2010/03/11/elevate/","summary":"On this site you will get loads of Informations about Film Development in Caffenol:\nRecipies for all kind of different FIlms with Examples Cameratips Tips on how to get the best result out of your …","tags":null,"title":"Elevate"}]